Modified Huffman Coding Schemes Information Technology Essay

Modified Huffman Coding Schemes Information Technology Essay CHAPTER 2 Document compression is a digital process. Therefor, before compressing the data , information about the document should be known. The CCITT algorithms deals with a page of size 8.5 x 11 inch. The page is divided into horizontal and vertical lines. These horizontal lines are known as scan lines . Dots per inch and pixels per inch are two standards for image resolution. A 8.5 x 11 inch page is 1728 x 2200 pixels . One scan line is 1728 pixel long .the normal resolution is 200 x 100 dpi and a fine resolution is 200 x 200 dpi. Figure 2.1 Each pixel is represented by 1 bit , the number of pixel that will form the above page is 3,801,600. Although sending this data through an ISDN line it will take approximately 7 min. If the resolution of the page is increased , the time taken by the transmission will increase. Thus it is not important to transfer every exact bit of the binary page information. The most commonly encoding used for CCITT compression is Modified Huffman which is supported by all the fax compression techniques. Other options used are Modified Read and Modified Modified Read. The following table gives an overview of these encoding/decoding techniques. Characteristics MH MR MMH Compression efficiency Good Better Best Standard T.4 T.4 T.6 Dimension 1-D 2-D 2-D(extended) Algorithm Huffman and RLE Similarities between two successive lines More efficient MR Table 2.1 : Comparisons of MH, MR and MMR 2.1.1 Modified Huffman The fax pages are contains many runs of white and black pixels which makes RLE efficient for minimizing these run lengths. The efficiently compressed run lengths are then combined with Huffman coding . Thus an efficient and simple algorithm is achieved by combining RLE with Huffman coding and this is known as Modified Huffman. RLE consists of terminating and makeup codes. MH coding uses specified tables for terminating and makeup codes. Terminating codes represent shorter runs while the makeup codes represents the longer runs. The white and black pixel runs from 0 to 63 are represented by terminating codes while greater than 63 are represented with makeup codes which mean than greater than 63 bit runs are defined in multiples of 64 bits which are formed by the terminating codes. These tables are given in chapter 4. a scan line represented with long runs gives a make code which is less than or equal to the pixel run and then the difference is given by the terminating code. The following example will help in understanding how it works. . There are three different types of bit pattern in MH coding Pixel information (data ) Fill EOL The term Fill refers to the extra 0 bits that are added to a small data line which fills the left space in the data. The Fill patterns brings highly compressed scan line to a preferred minimum scan line time ( MSLT) , which makes it complete and transmittable. Consider a transmission rate of 4800 bps with an MSLT 10ms so the minimum bit per scan line is 48 bits.1728 pixels scan line is compressed to 43 bit . 31 data bit + 12 EOL bits which in total is 43 bits. The left space is filled by 5 Fill bits given as follow Scan line 1728 pixels EOL RLE code 4B 3W 2B 1719W 12 bits 43 bits Bit pattern 00110101 011 1000 11 01100001011000 00000 0000000000001 31 data bits fill patren EOL 48 bits - Figure 2.2 Modified Huffman structure In addition to this another special bit pattern used in the MH coding is EOL . EOL are special bit patterns which have several different identification function i.e. EOL at the start of the scan line indicate the start of the scan of line EOL at the end of the scan line consist of 11 0s followed by a 1. It helps in stopping the error from one scan line penetrating into other scan lines and each line is independently coded. At the end of each page an RTC signal is given which holds six EOL patterns which identifies the end of page . MODIFIED READ MR is also known as Modified Relative Element address designated (READ). MR exploits the correlation between successive lines . It is known that two consecutive lines have a very high percentage of single pixel transition due to a very high resolution of the images. Using this phenomena, instead of scanning each scan line as done in MH, MR takes in account a reference line and then encodes each scan line that follows. In fact it is more appropriate to say that MR is more complex MH algorithm. MR encoding encounters both MH and MR coding technique. The reference line is encoded using MH and the subsequent line is encoded using MR encoding until the next reference line appears. The decision on how to encounter the next reference line is taken by a parameter K. The vale of K defines the resolution of the compression. MR is a 2-Dimensional algorithm. The value of K defines the number of lines that uses 2-Dimensional phenomena, which K-1 lines. However the reference line using the MH algorithm is using 1-dimension. For a normal resolution of an image the value of K is set to 2 the refrence line is encoded every second scan line. Where as the value of K set to 4 will give a higher resolution because the reference line is MH encoded every 4 line , making it more complex and compressed. The following figure shows scan lines for both resolution of K set to 2 and 4. MH MR MH MR -2 scan lines- For normal resolution k = 2 , 1 MH line, 1 MR line MH MR MR MR MH MR MR MR 4 scan lines For higher resolution k = 4, 1 MH line , 3 MR lines figure 2.3 modified read structure The advantage of having low resolution over high resolution is that the error prorogation into the subsequent line is reduced with lower number of dependent scan lines. However in MR encoding the value of K can be set as high as 24. The change between two subsequent line i.e. the refrence line and the next scan line given by MR can be given as follow reference line b1 b2 Scan line a0 a1 a2 figure 2.4 MR 2-D coding. The nodes that are given in the figure above are described as follow a0 is start of changing element in the coding line which is also the reference for the next changing elements a1 first transition on the coding line a2 second transition on the coding line b1 first transition on the reference line on the right of the a0 , first opposite color transition b2 first transition on the reference line. In the above figure the reference line is coded with the MH coding while the next scan line is coded with MR. Hence it can be seen that there are very minor changer between both the scan line. MR takes advantage of the minor changes and encodes only the changing elements a0 , a1 and a2 instead of the complete scan line. There are three functional encoding modes of MR , which decide on how to code these changing elments of the scan line with respect to the reference line. These modes are Pass mode Vertical mode Horizontal mode As it is due to these different modes of MR which makes it more complex algorithm. These MR functional modes are discussed in detail in chapter 3. And then one can reffer back to this part to completely understand it. The structure of MR is given as follow EOL +1 Data 1-D fill EOL +0 Data 1-D EOL+1 Data 1-D fill EOL +0 Data 1-D EOL +1 EOL +1 EOL +1 EOL +1 EOL +1 EOL +1 K = 2 EOL+1 MH coding of next line EOL+0 MR coding of next line FILL Extra 0 bits RTC End of page with 6 EOLs Figure 2.5 Structure of MR data in a page Modified Modified Read ITU-T Recommendation T.6 gives the Modified Modified Read or MMR encoding algorithm. MMR is an upgraded version of the MR. They are both 2-Dimensional algorithms but MMR is an Extended version of the 2-Dimension. The fundamentals of MMR are same as MR except a few minor changes to the algorithm however the modes of MR i.e. pass mode , vertical mode and horizontal mode are same for MMR encoding. The major change in the MMR with respect to MR is the K parameter . The MMR algorithm dose not use the K parameter and recurring reference line. Instead of these the MMR algorithm uses an imaginary scan line which consist of all white pixels which is the first line at the start of each page and a 2-Dimension line follows till the end of the page. This introduced scan line of all whites is the reference line alike the MR. The error propagation in MMR has a very high predictability because of the connected coding method of all the scan lines. Thus ECM is required for MMR to be enabled. ECM guaranties error free MMR algorithm. Thus MMR dose not require any EOL however a EOFB (end of facsimile block) is required at the end of page which is the same as RTC in MH. The organization of data in MMR and the EOFB block bit sequence is given as follow. Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D Data 2-D EOFB scan lines of page EOFB bit sequence 0000000000001 0000000000001 Figure 2.6 Scan lines in MMR page Tagged Image File Format Tagged Image File Format(TIFF) is purely a graphical format i.e. pix elated, bitmap or rasterized. TIFF is a common file format that is found in most imaging programs. This discussion here cover majorly the TIFF standard of ITU-T.6 which is the latest. T.6 includes all the specification of the earlier versions with little addition. TIFF is flexible and has good power rating but at the same time it is more complex. Extensibility of TIFF makes it more difficult to design and understand. TIFF is as known by its name a tagged file that holds the information about the image. TIFF structure is organized into three parts Image file header (IFH) Bit map data (black and white pixels) Image File Directory(IFD) IFH Bitmap data IFD EOB Figure 2.7 File organization of TIFF Consider an example of three TIFF images file structures. These three structures hold the same data in possible three different formats. The IFH or the header of TIFF is the first in all the three arrangements. However in the first arrangement IFDs are been written first and then followed by the image data which is efficient if IFD data is needed to be read quickly. In the second structure the IFD is followed by its particular image which is the most common internal structure of the TIFF. In the last example the image data followed by its IFDs. This structure is applicable if the image data is available before the IFDs. Header IFD0 IFD1 IFD n Image 0 Image 1 Image n Header IFD 0 Image 0 IFD 1 Image 1 IFD n Image n Header Image 0 Image 1 Image 3 IFD 0 IFD 1 IFD n Figure 2.8 Different TIFF structures Image File Header A TIFF file header is an 8-byte which is the start of a TIFF file. The bytes are organized in the following order The first two bytes defines the byte order which is either little endian (II)or big endian (MM). The little endian byte order is that it starts from least significant bit and ends on the most significant and big endian is vice verse. II = 4949H MM = 4D4DH The third and fourth bytes hold the value 42H which is the definition for the TIFF file The next fourth bytes holds the offset value for the IFD. The IFD may be at any location after the header but must begin after a word boundary. Byte order 42 Byte offset for IFD Figure 2.9 IFH structure Image File Directory Image file directory (IFD) is a 12 byte file that holds information about the image including the color , type of compression, length, width, physical dimension, location of the data and other such information of the image. Before the IFD there is a 2 byte tag counter. This tag counter holds the number of IFD used. Which is followed by a 12 byte IFD and a four 0 bytes at the end of the last byte. Each IFD entry has the following format The first two bytes of the IFD hold the identification field. This filed gives information what characteristic of the image it is pointing to. This is also know as the tag. The next two bytes gives the type of of the IFD i.e. short, long etc The next four bytes hold the count for the defined tag type The last two bytes hold the offset value for the next IFD which is always an even number. However the next IFD starts by a word difference. This vale offset can point anywhere in the Image even after the image data. The IFD are sorted in ascending order according to the Tag number. Thus a TIFF field is a logical entity which consist of a tag number and its vallue Tag entry count 2-bytes Tag 0 12 bytes Tag 1 12 bytes Tag n 12 bytes Next IFD offset or null bytes 4 bytes Figure 2.10 IFD structure The IFD is the basic tag file that hold information about the image data in a complete TIFF file. The data is either found in the IFD or retrieved from an offset location pointed in the IFD. Due to offset value to other location instead of having a fixed value makes TIFF more complex. The offset values in TIFF are in three places last four bytes of the header which indicates the position of the first IFD Last four bytes of the IFD entry which offsets the next IFD. The last four bytes in the tag may contain an offset value to the data it represents or possibly the data its self figuer 2.11 CCITT Encoding This type of compression is used for facsimile and document imaging files. It is a losses type of image compression. The CCITT ( International telegraph and telephone consultative committee) is an organization which provides standards for communication protocol for black and white images or telephone or other low data rate data lines. The standards given by ITU are T.4 and T.6. These standards are the CCITT group 3 and group 4 compression methods respectively. CCITT group compression algorithms are designed specifically for encoding 1 bit image. CCITT is a non adaptive compression algorithm. There are fixed tables that are used by CCITT algorithms. The coded values in these tables were taken from a reference of set of documents containing both text and graphics. The compression ratio obtained with CCITT algorithms is much more higher than quarter size of the original image. The compression ratio for a 200 x 200 dpi image achieved with group 3 is 5:1 to 8:1 which is much increased with group 4 that is up to 15:1 with the same image resolution. However the complexity of the algorithms increases with the ratio of its comparisons. Thus group 4 is much more complex than group 3. The CCITT algorithms are specifically designed for typed or handwritten scanned images, other images with composition different than that of target for CCITT will have different runs of black and white pixels. Thus such bi-level images compressed will not give the required results. The compression will be either to a minimum or even the compressed image will be greater in size than the original image. Such images at maximum can achieve a ratio of 3:1 which is very low if the time taken by the comparisons algorithms is very high. The CCITT has three algorithms for compressing bi level images, Group 3 one dimensional Group 3 two dimensional Group 4 two dimensional Earlier when group 3 one dimensional was designed it was targeted for bi level , black and white data that was processed by the fax machines. Group 3 encoding and decoding has the tendency of being fast and has a reputation of having a very high compression ratio. The error correction inside a group 3 algorithm is done with the algorithm itself and no extra hardware is required. This is done with special data inside the group3 decoder. Group 3 makes muse off MH algorithm to encode. The MMR encoding has the tendency to be much more efficent. Hence group 4 has a very high percentage of compression as compared to group 3 , which is almost half the size of group 3 data but it is much more time consumed algorithm. The complexity of such an algorithm is much more higher than that of group 3 but they do not have any error detection which propagates the error how ever special hardware configuration will be required for this purpose. Thus it makes it a poor choice for image transfer protocols. Document imaging system that stores these images have adopted CCITT compression algorithms to save disk spaces. However in age of good processing speeds and handful of memory CCITT encoded algorithms are still needed printing and viewing o data as done with adobe files. However the transmission of data through modems with lower data rates still require these algorithms. Group 3 One Dimensional (G31D) The main features of G31D are given as follow G31D is a variation of the Huffman type encoding known as Modified Huffman encoding. The G31D encodes a bi-level image of black and white pixels with black pixels given by 1 and white with 0s in the bitmap. The G31D encodes the length of a same pixel run in a scan line with variable length binary codes. The variable length binary codes are take from pre defined tables separate for black and white pixels. The variable code tables are defined in T.4 and t.6 specification foe ITU-T. These tables are determined by taking a number of typed and handwritten documents. Which were statistically analyzed to the show the average frequency of these bi level pixels. It was decided that run length occurring more frequently were assigned small code will other were given bigger codes. As G31D is a MH coding scheme which is explained earlier in the chapter so we will give some example of the coding is carried out for longer run of same pixels. The coded tables have continuous value from 0 to 63 which are single terminating codes while the greater are coded with addition of make up codes for the same pixels, only for the values that are not in the tables for a particular pixel. The code from 64 to 2623 will have one makeup code and one terminating code while greater than 2623 will have multiple makeup codes. Hence we have two types of tables one is from 0 to 63 and other from 64 till 2560. The later table is selected by statistical analysis as explained above. Consider a pixel run for 20 black . Hence it is less than the 63 coded mark in the table . We will look for the value of 20 in the black pixel table which is 00001101000. hence this will be the terminating code for the 20 black pixel run which is have the size of the original. Thus a ratio 2:1 is achieved. Let us take the value 120 which is greater than 63 and is not present in the statistically selected pixel run. Here we will need a make up code and a terminating code. The pixel run can be broken into 64 which is the highest in the tables for this pixel run and 57 which will give 120 pixel run 120 = 64 + 57 64 coded value is 11011 57 coded value is 01011010 hence 120 is 11011 the make up code and 01011010 terminating code as given in the figure 2.11a. Now consider a bigger run of black pixel which is 8800. This can be given a sum of 4 make up and one terminating code 8800 = 2560 + 2560 + 2560 + 1088 + 32 which is 000000011111, 00000001111, 000000011111, 0000001110101 and 0000001101010 so it can be given as shown in figure 2.11b 11011 1011010 Makeup code terminating code 2.11a makeup and terminating codes for 120 OOOOOOO11111 OOOOOOO11111 OOOOOOO11111 OOOOO111O1O1 1101010 makeup makeup makeup makeup terminating figure 2.11b makeup and terminating codes for 8800 Group 3 Two Dimensional (G32D) Group 4 Two Dimensional (G42D)

Firepower Kills

â€Å"Le feu tue† (‘Firepower kills') Henri-Philippe Petain – 1916 Verdun. World War 1 is often called â€Å"the first modern war†. During World War 1 many new kinds of weapons and technology were invented and improved. Some of these weapons included tanks, chemical gases, grenades, and machine guns. Chemical Warfare was used for the first time on a large scale in World War I. many advancements were made during the war; in the air, on the ground, and in the sea. World War 1 started by a conflict and was fought between countries that were equipped with modern weapons. Some of these weapons rose and were very powerful like machine guns and others declined like bayonets. Both weapons and technology made a drastic impact on World War 1.Land battles were mostly fought on both the Western and Eastern fronts. Soldiers were surrounded by new technology and weapons that helped throughout the battlefield but also caused danger/death. Soldiers experienced a great deal of hardship while fighting on the fronts. The western front consisted of small parts of Europe, most of the fighting took over in France and Belgium. The eastern front was made up of battlefields in Eastern Europe, especially in Russia. â€Å"But on the last day, an astonishing number of English field guns opened up on us with high-explosive, drumming ceaselessly on our position, so that we suffered heavily and came back only eighty strong† (1.4). land war started by the use of Machine guns. Machine guns were the first and most famous weapon used in war, they are claimed to be the most dangerous weapon because the killed numerous lives during the war. Machine guns were invented by the Americans, however, the idea was stolen by the Germans. Machine guns at the time could fire up to 500 rounds per minute, but they were very heavy and they were very heavy. They had to be used by well-trained men who knew how to setup a gun and operate it quickly.Tanks were armored steel plated, belt tired, and heavily armed combat vehicles. First use of tanks on a battlefield was the use of British mark 1 tank at the battle of flers courcelette in 1915. The French soon followed the idea and created Renault FT, which established the look of the tank we see today. The Germans never got to producing their own tanks in WW1. The only German design of war was the A7V.Flamethrowers were first invented by a German inventor named Richard Fiedler. The flamethrower was designed to be carried on soldiers backs. It had two tanks, one that carried flammable liquid and the other that carried propellant gas. The squeeze of the trigger would send shooting flammable liquid up to 18 meters away, it was a weapon used to shoot big flames of fire against its enemies. It was used to burn soldiers and wooden obstacles such as bunkers. The Germans used these flamethrowers to attack more than 650 soldiers, mainly the British and French.Small bombs thrown by hand or shot by a rifle attachment were called grenades/bombs. Germans are the ones who created and mostly used these grenades during the war. The British made their own model of a grenade but it needed more work. By the year of 1917, all troops were required to carry extra grenades to capture and hold them against their enemies.Poisonous gas was introduced by the Germans in 1915. It is toxic smoke that can be very deadly if inhaled by humans. When the gas is inhaled it burns and liquidizes your lungs which causes death. If wind currents occurred while soldiers threw the gas at their enemies then it could easily be brought back to them and kill them. The only way to avoid the poisonous gas was to urinate on a cloth and hold up to ur mouth and nose. However, over time gas mask kits were provided to the soldiers. Airplanes were very recent they were invented by the Wright brothers 11 years ago. Airplanes were simple machines, more like to birds than anything else. The first missions were carried out as an observation. Most airplanes at the time were slow/flimsy contraptions with barely enough power to lift a single pilot and perhaps one passenger. Airplanes technology developed throughout war they became very important/useful.At the beginning of the war, most soldiers used the planes to spy on their enemies strategies. These planes usually carried a pilot and a photographer who would photograph the soldier's positions. The use of planes became very popular during the war, it became a crucial part of achieving victories. One of the first contributions in the war was at the first battle of Marne were reconnaissance planes spotted a gap in the German lines. The allies attacked the gap and were able to split the German army and drive them back. Fighter planes came into the war when they wanted to stop the reconnaissance planes. With more planes in the skies, enemy pilots began to fight each other in the air. At first, they tried throwing grenades at each other or shooting with rifles and pistols. It was useless and it didn't work very well. Pilots soon found out that the best way to shoot down an enemy is to mount a machine gun to the plane. However, because the machine gun was mounted to the front of the plane the propeller would get in the way of the bullets. Soon a new invention called the â€Å"interredur† was invented by Anton Fokker, it allowed the machine gun to be synchronized with the propeller, all planes started using this invention. As the war progressed, both sides began to use airplanes to drop bombs on enemy locations. The first planes used for bombings were made by the Russians and could only carry small bombs and they were very powerless to attack from the ground. By the end of the war, faster long-range bombers were built that could carry much larger weight bombs.Germany used zeppelins to drop bombs on targets from far away. These were slow moving but could carry a large load of explosives. Zeppelins were filled with hydrogen, so a small spark could blow up the entire aircraft. Germans used these zeppelins to bomb London and eastern England. â€Å"Germany's enemies, however, soon found that zeppelins, which were filled with hydrogen gas, quickly became raging infernos when hit by anti-aircraft guns† (Spielvogel, McTighe, 331). As the war continued it became useless because of the fast fighter planes that were used. The battles at sea were known as naval battles. These battles mainly took place in the northern sea and the Atlantic. The wars were mainly between Britain and Germany. Britain was trying to stop Germany from traveling or trading with the rest of the world across the north sea. that meant Germany could not receive important resources like food. Germany reacted by using u-boats to attack the ships that were trading and sending resources to Britain. Germany is the first one to create U-Boats and used them to destroy many enemy ships. U-Boats were dangerous and accurate. â€Å"U-boat is an abbreviation of the German unterseeboot and is a synonym for submarine†(Axelrod, 127). On September 1914, a U-Boat sank 3 British ships. In the U.S. U-boats turned its public opinion against Germany. This increased when Germany ordered a new policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, they sank every boat seen on the surface. This eventually made the U.S start sending ships into the war. Later on the British liner, Lusitania was sunk by a U-boat which carried innocent British and American civilians. Then on February 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare effective, But on February 3, 1917, Germany stopped unrestricted submarine warfare. Britain, France, Russia and the U.S had all developed submarine forces before Germany began development on the U-Boats in 1906, but during WW1 submarines were associated with the Imperial German Navy, which used the submarines to try to bridge the gap in naval strength because it struggles compared to Britain's Royal Navy. Longer-range U-boats were developed and torpedo quality improved during the war. Submarines could strike long bombs from beneath the waves with torpedoes but also surfaced them to use as their deck gun. An unsuccessful post-war effort was made to ban submarine warfare.Torpedoes are self-propelled missiles that can be launched from submarines or ships, or dropped into the sea from the undercarriage of planes. The first torpedoes were produced in the 1870s, it ran on compressed air and was slow and inaccurate. By 1914 German torpedoes could travel at up to 75 kilometers per hour over a range of several miles. This gave German U-boats a deadly advantage over the Allied ships. As the war progressed the British made rapid advances in torpedoes and sank at least 18 German U-boats with them. Mines were large explosive bombs planted underground, they were either remotely activated or by the impact of the soldier's footsteps. Navies also used sea mines which floated on the ocean and exploded when in contact with ships. Trench soldiers often dug tunnels to plant huge mines under enemy trenches and positions. One example of an incident occurred at Hill 60 during the Battle of Messines (June 1917) where Australian tunneling specialists exploded 450,000 kilograms of underground explosives, killing thousands of German troops.So it is clear that although the war was very deadly it still inherited many new weapons and technologies that helped throughout the war. Weapons and new technology really did affect the war it changed many lives, it brought innovation, creativity, and originality. WW1 weapons and technology proved to other countries who fought that humans will adapt to difficult environments and strategies that come by.

The silk Road recording the journey

The Silk Road was a very interesting time in life time history. The silk Road was the world's first superhighway not literally a single road it consisted of a good network of trade routes connecting China with Central Asia and lands beyond all the way to Rome. Goods were usually transported by larch Caravana it's made up of guides soldiers religious Pilgrims merchants and hundreds of fright bearing camels. The silk Road florist for more than 3000 years and had a major influence on the cultures of Asia Europe and Africa is Vinny Q ask you to become a traveler on the silk Road and to record your experiences at different points on your journey.In this mini to you will examine several documents and then write five journal entries in the voice of a fictionists person traveling the silk Road first choose the type of traveler you wish to be from the collection of district just descriptions on the following page give your traveler a name from the list below and fill out the profile of this p erson using the biological information and your historical imagination.Good Genadijs spread across to soak road for sentries this process of sharing is calling cultural diffusion by historians below are a few examples of goods and ideas that move by way of the silk Road's number one from China silk iron bronze server and mix orange trees paper gunpowder from Central Asia for Gano horses from Africa Ivory and rhinoceros horn from India spices and Buddhism from Europe music and glassware for travelers heading west the OC this town of done Wong was a place to rest and resupply before braving the Western Cody and the Telemac and deserts soon after the fall of hand dynasty.Buddhism monks Buddhist monks begin to dig caves just 10 miles outside of dung cock in many of the caves they built Buddhist shrines over the centuries these caves also became storage vaults for many items brought to Duntonge by Cellpro travelers in ancient times the Telemac and desert was sometimes referred to as the Cody today as then the temperature in the desert reaches over 100Â °F and rainfall and minimal

Mary Oliver Rhetorical Analysis Essay - 733 Words

The excerpt from Mary Oliver’s â€Å"Building the House† serves as a way to describe what happens during the poetry writing process. Although Mary Oliver believes that writing poetry is hard work, she uses extended metaphor, juxtaposition, and point of view to describe the writing process in comparison of building a house, which shows that Oliver sees poetry as something that involves mental labor which is a different challenge than physical labor . Through the use of extended metaphor, Mary Oliver is allowed to express both the mentality and physicality when writing a poem, which is able to show the differences and similarities by comparison. The extended metaphor works to compare the process of writing poetry to that of building a house,†¦show more content†¦She uses this juxtaposition is used effectively by Mary Oliver to show how poetry writing also has it’s hardships and challenges and also shows that there are differences between different types of labor involved with different types of work. Furthermore, Mary Oliver’s use of first-person point of view allows her to show how poetry writing is personal to her, and how it serves a specific type of challenge. Mary Oliver starts offShow MoreRelatedFrancis Bacon : An Essay3660 Words   |  15 Pagesword essay means the action or process of trying to test. Looking back through history, a man name Francis Bacon was the first person to write The Twoo Bookes of Francis Bacon: Of The Profiecience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Humane, an essay, with the first book, written about the significance of learning every field of life and the second part written about the lack of human knowledge and suggestions for improvement. After this successful period of Bacons’, more and more essays wereRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 PagesReincarnation in the Reader: Intertextuality in The Hours by Michael Cunningham Andrea Wild In his novel The Hours, Michael Cunningham weaves a dazzling fabric of intertextual references to Virginia Woolfs works as well as to her biography. In this essay, I shall partly yield to the academic itch to tease out the manifold and sophisticated allusions to the numerous intertexts. My aim, however, is not to point out every single reference to Woolf and her works--such an endeavour of source-hunting wouldRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words   |  61 PagesRethinking Mercantilism: Political Economy, the British Empire, and the Atlantic World in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Author(s): Steve Pincus Reviewed work(s): Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 3-34 Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.69.1.0003 . Accessed: 06/09/2012 12:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the TermsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheory focuses attention on the human issues in organization ‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory’ How Roethlisberger developed a ‘practical’ organization theory Column 1: The core contributing social sciences Column 2: The techniques for analysis Column 3: The neo-modernist perspective Column 4: Contributions to business and management Four combinations of science, scientific technique and the neo-modernist approach reach different parts of the organization Level 1: Developing the organization